Which of the following identifies a key characteristic of just-in-time (JIT) systems?

Just-in-time (JIT) systems are designed to enhance efficiency and reduce waste in the production process. A key characteristic of JIT is its focus on aligning production closely with actual demand. This approach helps organizations minimize excess inventory and reduce carrying costs, enabling them to respond quickly to changes in customer preferences and market conditions.

By synchronizing production schedules with demand signals, JIT systems allow businesses to produce only what is needed, when it is needed, thereby avoiding overproduction and waste of resources. This characteristic is central to the philosophy of lean manufacturing, which seeks to create more value with less work and materials, ultimately improving operational efficiency and competitiveness.

The other options do not accurately represent the characteristics of JIT systems. High inventory levels run counter to the JIT philosophy, which strives for minimal stock. Similarly, planned stock shortages are not a goal of JIT but rather a potential risk if not managed properly. Lastly, while bulk purchasing can offer discounts, JIT typically discourages bulk purchasing to maintain low inventory levels and avoid the pitfalls associated with excess stock.